STRESS FACTORS IN INDUSTRIAL LIVESTOCK FARMING AND THEIR CORRECTION

Abstract

Stress in farm animals is a key factor limiting the realization of genetic potential regarding productivity, reproduction, and longevity. In modern livestock production systems, stress arises from a combination of climatic, technological, transport-related, social, and nutritional factors. This review article aims to systematize data on the mechanisms by which stress affects farm animal productivity, as well as current monitoring methods and practical stress management approaches. The article examines studies demonstrating that both chronic and acute stress activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, alter metabolism, suppress immune function, disrupt feeding behavior, and impair reproductive performance. These effects manifest as reduced milk yield, lower average daily weight gain, poorer feed conversion efficiency, diminished meat quality, and reduced disease resistance. Particular attention is paid to non-invasive monitoring methods, such as the assessment of behavior, activity levels, rumination, and thermal responses. The analysis of biomarkers in saliva, milk, hair, and feces-integrated with precision livestock farming technologies—is also discussed. The article concludes that the most promising stress management strategy involves multifactorial monitoring that combines behavioral, physiological, and production indicators, followed by the implementation of targeted measures to mitigate heat, transport, and technology-induced stress